单瓣月季花和亮叶月季是中国特有的蔷薇属月季组植物，二者在形态上极为相似，在已有的分子系统树上也难以分开，都可能是现代月季的重要原始亲本，是月季遗传育种研究需要的重要资源，然而已分别处于“濒危”和“极危”状态，急需弄清二者的相互关系并开展保护遗传学研究。项目通过前期调查基本掌握了二者的分布和种群现状并获得了大量的标本和实验材料，拟通过补充调查了解其真实的受威胁情况；利用表型性状和基于双酶切简化基因组测序（ddRADSeq）的大量SNPs位点开展两个种的种内和种间分化研究；弄清二者或二者所构复合群的遗传多样性和遗传结构；推断种群历史及受威胁的机制，确定关键居群或显著进化单元，结合种群现状提出相应的保护措施。研究结果不仅有利于对这两种蔷薇的保护和利用，为月季遗传育种研究提供材料，还可为蔷薇属植物的起源和系统发育研究提供居群遗传学数据。

Rosa chinensis Jacq. var. spontanea (Rehd. et Wils.) Yü et Ku and R. lucidissima Lévl. are two endemic rose species to China in the section Chinenses DC. with similar morphology and tangling phylogeny. Both species might be key ancestors of modern rose and are important for studying the genetics and breeding of rose. However, R. chinensis var. spontanea is now in endangered risk and R. lucidissima is in critically endangered risk. It is necessary to untangle their systematic relationship on one hand and to carry out conservation genetic study on the other. Their distribution and population status have been investigated and specimens and plant materials of those populations have been collected during our field investigation. Accordingly, supplementary investigation will be carried out to understand its true threatened status in the wild. Some phenotypic traits and a large amount of SNPs from double-digested restriction site associated DNA sequencing (ddRADSeq) will be used to study the genetic variation within each species and the interspecific differentiation between them. The genetic diversity and genetic structure of each species or the possible complex composed by both species will be analyzed. Then, their population history and possible threatened mechanism will be postulated and the key populations or the evolutionary significant units, ESUs, will be determined. According to the survival status and genetic background, some conservation strategies will be brought forward. Meanwhile, the propagation materials of the key populations and special individuals with significant traits will be collected for ex-situ preservation in Kunming. The results will not only benefit the efficient conservation and utilization of R. chinensis var. spontanea and R. lucidissim, but also provide some important plant materials for further study on rose genetics and breeding. Moreover, it will also supply population genetic data for the origin and systematics of the genus Rosa.