水稻是最早驯化的作物之一，其遗传多样性在人为选择和驯化的过程中逐渐降低。与现代选育品种相比，以农家保护方式保存的传统水稻地方品种为抗病虫性、抗逆性等水稻育种和改良提供丰富的遗传变异，因此，地方稻种是丰富水稻基因库的重要种质资源。本研究利用收集于两个不同时期的来源广泛、遗传多样性高、代表性强的农家保护下云南地方稻种资源，采用全基因组重测序技术，首次开展基于全基因组核苷酸多样性的云南地方稻种资源农家保护研究。通过对全基因组遗传多样性的历时变化分析、群体结构分析、选择消除分析、亲缘地理分析及关联分析等，探索经过近30年的驯化过程，农家保护下云南地方稻种资源在全基因组水平上的遗传变异和选择印记，从而为水稻地方品种的保护策略，尤其是为农家保护提供科学依据；鉴定驯化选择区域中与重要农艺性状、抗逆性等相关的新基因，并发掘其优异等位基因及功能单倍型，为地方稻种资源的有效利用提供理论依据。

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the earliest domesticated crop species. Its genetic diversity declined during domestication and artificial selection processes. Compared with modern cultivars, traditional rice landraces that have been preserved by indigenous farmers have retained rich genetic variation. This variation can be used in breeding for improved yield and increased resistance to pests, diseases, cold, drought and salt; therefore, these germplasms are extremely important for enriching the gene pool. In this study, we will perform the first analysis of the whole genome levels of nucleotide variation in Yunnan rice landraces under on-farm conservation condition; this analysis is based on the whole- genome sequencing of rice accessions with high diversity, which were collected in 1980 and 2007. The aim of this study is to explore the dynamics of whole-genome genetic diversity and selected region over nearly 30-year period in rice landraces under on-farm conservation in Yunnan through analysis of nucleotide variation, population structure, selection sweep, phylogenetic and geographic analyses. The results of this study will provide a scientific basis for the conservation, particularly for on-farm management practices. Furthermore, we will identify the genes associated with important agronomic traits and abiotic stress in selected regions by association mapping and excavate favor alleles for effective use of rice landraces.