中文摘要
生物质燃烧导致的室内空气污染被认为是引发和加剧发展中国家人群呼吸疾病、心脑血管疾病的一个重要因素。由于西藏地理位置特殊，居民的污染暴露模式具有特殊性。本课题研究了牛粪饼的燃烧特征，并扎囊、江孜和当雄等地进行了室内外颗粒物及多环芳烃污染监测分析，开展了农牧民活动的时空特征与生活能源调查，评价其对人群健康的影响，提出相应的控制措施，并分析其健康和经济效益。研究表明，西藏牧区使用火塘烧牛粪饼的帐篷内室内PM2.5浓度平均水平达到1448.74μg/m3，是使用铸铁炉的12.6倍；室内PAHs平均浓度达到2389 ng/m3，约为铸铁炉的8倍。厨卧不分的居住模式造成居民高污染暴露时间比内地农村多5~7个小时。牛粪饼等生物质燃烧对细颗粒物污染暴露的贡献为47.0%到99.7%。通过炉具改良、空间分隔等方式可显著降低居民室内空气污染暴露水平，尤其是对于游牧人群采取这些措施将分别使其年均暴露量减少92%和96%，并使其急性呼吸系统感染和急性下呼吸道感染发病下降40%到80%。研究结果不仅对改善西藏农村地区居民生活质量和健康状况有重要意义，而且生物质燃烧造成的颗粒物污染及其健康效应研究是重要的补充。
英文摘要
Indoor air pollution caused by domestic use of solid biomass fuels has strong associations with pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases. In Tibet China, as the development is relatively slow, the pollution exposure pattern of the residents is unique and typical. This study focused on the pollution characteristics caused by cow dung cake combustion, the indoor air pollution in the agricultural and pasturing areas in Tibet, and the public particulate matter (PM) exposure in rural Tibet, in order to discover the pollution exposure sources, assess the contribution of combustion to public pollution exposure, estimate the health effects and social-economic effects of pollution exposure interventions. Results showed that the PM2.5 concentration inside the tents with dung cake burning with the open fireplace was as high as 1488.74ug/m3, which was 12.6 times to those used stoves with chimney; meanwhile, the indoor PAHs concentration was 2389ng/m3 which was about 8 times to those using stoves with chimney. Indoor dung cake combustion was the dominant factor for the pollution exposure of rural residents in Tibet, which contributes at 47.0% to 99.7% to the total PM exposure. .The indoor air pollution exposure would evidently reduce if the fireplaces used by the herdsmen could be replaced by cleaner stoves or if kitchens could be separated from the living areas. Such improvement would be specially effective and helpful for those herdsmen who live in their tents all the year round. Their exposure was expected to reduce by 92% and 96% respectively, and the morbidity of acute respiratory infections (ARI) and acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) would reduce to about 20%~60%. The findings of this project would be helpful to improve the health situation of people in rural areas in Tibet, and also a good reference for researches on the air pollution exposure due to bio-mass burning.
结题摘要
生物质燃烧导致的室内空气污染被认为是引发和加剧发展中国家人群呼吸疾病、心脑血管疾病的一个重要因素。由于西藏地理位置特殊，居民的污染暴露模式具有特殊性。本课题研究了牛粪饼的燃烧特征，并扎囊、江孜和当雄等地进行了室内外颗粒物及多环芳烃污染监测分析，开展了农牧民活动的时空特征与生活能源调查，评价其对人群健康的影响，提出相应的控制措施，并分析其健康和经济效益。研究表明，西藏牧区使用火塘烧牛粪饼的帐篷内室内PM2.5浓度平均水平达到1448.74μg/m3，是使用铸铁炉的12.6倍；室内PAHs平均浓度达到2389 ng/m3，约为铸铁炉的8倍。厨卧不分的居住模式造成居民高污染暴露时间比内地农村多5~7个小时。牛粪饼等生物质燃烧对细颗粒物污染暴露的贡献为47.0%到99.7%。通过炉具改良、空间分隔等方式可显著降低居民室内空气污染暴露水平，尤其是对于游牧人群采取这些措施将分别使其年均暴露量减少92%和96%，并使其急性呼吸系统感染和急性下呼吸道感染发病下降40%到80%。研究结果不仅对改善西藏农村地区居民生活质量和健康状况有重要意义，而且生物质燃烧造成的颗粒物污染及其健康效应研究是重要的补充。